The known universe of reflection guidance: a literature review

Reflective learning has been established as a process that deepens learning in both educational and work-related settings. We present a literature review on various approaches and tools (e.g., prompts, journals, visuals) providing guidance for facilitating reflective learning. Research considered in this review coincides common understanding of reflective learning, has applied and evaluated a tool supporting reflection and presents corresponding results. Literature was analysed with respect to timing of reflection, reflection participants, type of reflection guidance, and results achieved regarding reflection. From this analysis, we were able to derive insights, guidelines and recommendations for the design of reflection guidance functionality in computing systems: (i) ensure that learners understand the purpose of reflective learning, (ii) combine reflective learning tools with reflective questions either in form of prompts or with peer-to-peer or group discussions, (iii) for work-related settings consider the time with regard to when and how to motivate to reflect.